What Drives the Return and Risk of ESG Mutual Funds? Evidence from Machine Learning
Status: Available upon request.
This paper examines whether machine-learning methods can predict future return and risk in ESG mutual funds. I compare the predictive content of ESG variables, fund-level characteristics, and stock-level variables constructed from fund holdings. The analysis uses quarterly data from 2002 to 2024 and combines CRSP mutual fund data, Refinitiv ESG scores, ESG fund classifications, fund holdings, and stock-level characteristics.
The main results show that future fund returns are difficult to predict directly, while future realized volatility is substantially more predictable. Importantly, volatility forecasts also contain information about subsequent fund returns. Portfolios sorted on predicted volatility generate economically meaningful return differences, suggesting that predicted risk helps identify variation in expected fund returns. Overall, the paper shows that machine learning is especially useful for understanding risk predictability in ESG mutual funds, while ESG scores alone provide limited incremental predictive power relative to fund characteristics and holdings-based information.Â
Presented at: AI in Finance Conference, 2026 scheduled